A key element to achieve the outstanding accuracy of the Precision Salinometer is thermal control. This includes several innovative aspects:

The first is the introduction of a pre bath, which adjusts the temperature of the water sample very close to the temperature of the main bath. By this, the main bath is essentially isolated from the original temperature of the water sample and can be kept very homogeneous and stable. The pre bath is, similar to the main bath, fully PID controlled. 

The second aspect is the realization of the heater and cooler in the baths. The stirring element serves as the heat source, both in the pre and main bath. This distributes the heat input rapidly and evenly throughout the entire bath volume. If more heat is required, the rotation frequency is increased. The cooling is realized using a Peltier element with a specially shaped surface and a controlled heat resistance across the element. Both measures result in a very homogeneous distribution of temperature in the bath. 

The third aspect builds on this property. It is an extremely precise and fast detection of the thermal drift in the main bath. This allows a fast reaction using small amounts of heat input.

The fourth aspect is the elimination of uncontrolled heat input into the bath, as for example the radiant energy of a light source. Even an apparently modest amount of radiant light energy is adverse to the measurements on the precision level achieved here. Therefore, lights in the bath are switched off during the measurements. 

Aspect five is that the temperature of the main bath is measured at sub-millikelvin accuracy and even better short term precision. This temperature measurement is used together with the conductivity measurement of the water sample to calculate salinity according to PSS78.

In order to determine the temperature of a water sample indirectly by the measurement of the temperature of the surrounding water bath, a maximum drift of the bath temperature must not be exceeded. It is this drift, which determines whether measurements are permitted or not; it is not a deviation from a pre set temperature. The threshold of the permitted temperature drift in the bath depends on the thermal time constants of conductivity cell and temperature sensor. No attempt is made to keep the temperature of the bath constant – even though in practice the drift is smaller than 1 mK over a few hours.

The conductivity cell can and should be calibrated ('standardized', i.e. performing a one point calibration) prior to a measurement session using IAPSO Standard Seawater. The temperature sensor in the main bath shows high accuracy and long term stability. Therefore a calibration is required in long term intervals only.

All important parameters, including the actual bath temperature and its drift are recorded with conductivity and salinity of a water sample. This assures and proves that measurements are valid and at the same time eliminates the common operator specific noise and offsets in salinity determinations.

The flow diagram of the Precision Salinometer shown above illustrates the sample treatment. The bottle containing the water sample to be analyzed (or, during calibration, the Standard Seawater) is located underneath the intake. The intake is inserted automatically into the bottle when a new measurement starts. The filling pump sucks the sample water into the instrument. It is pushed through a heat exchanger and leaves the pre bath with a temperature very close to that of the main bath. The Peltier element is located at the bottom of the pre bath. The temperature sensor is a platinum thermometer.

The so tempered water sample is pushed through a second heat exchanger, which resides inside the main bath, into the conductivity cell. For the conductivity measurements, the flow is halted for a few seconds with a Residence Time of typically 10 s. At the end of the Residence Time a fraction of this time interval is used for the actual measurement of typically 3 s. After the measurement, the water sample leaves the conductivity cell at the opposite side of its entrance. This establishes a flow-trough from the lower to the upper end of the cell. The water of the next sample replaces the water from the previous sample. For cleaning or flushing, the purging pump can push the content of the cell and the attached hose through the outlet.

Peltier element and stirrer are mechanically matched and located at one side of the bath. The thermometer is a SBE3, the conductivity cell is a modified SBE4. The SBE3 can be returned to the manufacturer for recalibration.

The entire measurement is automated to eliminate influences of individual handling and to facilitate the procedure. The operator can control the measurement using a touch screen, and the measurement procedure can be modified by software controls. A power and control unit contains soft- and hardware for these tasks. A keyboard and a mouse can be connected for operator's convenience.

• reproducibility of salinity measurements better than 0.2/1000
• no air condition needed, works well under thermally adverse conditions
• pre bath adjusts the sample water temperature; heat input to main bath is minimized
• processor-controlled automated measurements
• results are independent of operator experience
• full documentation of all measurement parameters
• auto-diagnosis of warm-up time (typically below 10 min)
• Ethernet and USB connections, can be network controlled
• enlarged intervals between standardizations
• solid construction according to aviation standards, resulting in high EMV-resistance
• no congestion of capillary tubes
• all software included
• touch screen user interface
• small transport case: Alu Zarges Box 40 x 60 x 80 cm