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absorption coefficient (aph) or the total absorption coefficient (a). The method is based on the knowledge that 80% of the variability in the shape of the aph normalized by its spectral mean from 400 – [...] SynsenPFT. The advantage of the second method is that the relationship can be applied to OC-PFT grid cells even in the absence of PhytoDOAS data, increasing the spatial coverage of the SynsenPFT. Sy-4SciPFT-RB-D1 [...] will adapt the parameterisation relating the fit factor of the specific phytoplankton absorption spectrum divided by the penetration depth with the "real" Chla of the phytoplankton type. The PFT signal

ng the main PFTs (Table 2.1). The f-PFT/PSC is determined as the ratio of the DPs of a specific PFT/PSC to the sum of the weighted concentration of the seven DPs (DPw). For example, the fraction of Chla [...] 2.4). The standard deviation of the latitudinal position of the PF was used as a proxy of the interannual variability of the PF position. In addition, we included the mean position of the Southern Antarctic [...] (Figure 5.3). The authors linked the start of the blooms south of 40°S to the light availability (indicated by PAR). The development of the blooms in the SO fol- lowing the increase in the seasonal PAR

ng the main PFTs (Table 2.1). The f-PFT/PSC is determined as the ratio of the DPs of a specific PFT/PSC to the sum of the weighted concentration of the seven DPs (DPw). For example, the fraction of Chla [...] 2.4). The standard deviation of the latitudinal position of the PF was used as a proxy of the interannual variability of the PF position. In addition, we included the mean position of the Southern Antarctic [...] (Figure 5.3). The authors linked the start of the blooms south of 40°S to the light availability (indicated by PAR). The development of the blooms in the SO fol- lowing the increase in the seasonal PAR

Southern Ocean
A unique series of measurements taken over several years in the Antarctic Ocean provide new findings about the daily vertical migration of zooplankton communities: scientists of the Thünen [...] Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries in Hamburg and the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven observed changes during the year and between years. The Antarctic zooplankton is the main source of food for many [...] many fish and whale species, including the largest mammal in the world, the blue whale.

kilometres as defined for the region of the ‚Greater North Sea‘ according to the OSPAR Convention for the protection of the marine en- vironment of the North-East Atlantic (www.ospar.org). The North Sea coast is [...] main- land to the south. The English Channel and the Norwe- gian Sea connect it to the Atlantic Ocean while the Ska- gerrak joins it to the Baltic Sea. The area of the North Sea is around 750,000 square [...] Nine of the ten warmest years occurred after 1988. The water temperature in the German Bight has risen more than in other regions of the North Sea. Salt content and visibility The salt content of the North

L−1) along the cruise track. The middle line in each panel shows the exact position of the cruise track. The dashed lines show the approximate location of clusters 2 and 4. The order of the colour bars [...] salinity (World Ocean Atlas 2009) and results from a cruise sampling the Atlantic Upwelling (Zindler et al. 2012). 2.1 State of the Art of knowledge of PFT and DMS emissions The complexity of the link between [...] Introduction 1.1 Scope of the document This technical note summarizes the activities in WP 250 as response to SR-3 of the requirement baseline, SoW Annex D (RD-3, Annex D), in light of the SynSen-PFT proposed

constituted 97% of the water sample for the cyanobacteria absorption spectrum. For most of the cases, we chose to use the absorption spectra of natural samples since the pigmentation of cultures might differ [...] depending on the application. In the first method, we look for the spectral regions in the derivatives (second and fourth) of the absorption spectra with strongest features. The wavelengths of maxima of spectral [...] appearances of (each of) the derivative crossing zero. The bands of highest frequencies of zero crossing are highlighted and indicate possible placement of the bands. Many features are the same for both

we first identified the peak Chla of the time series and then looked backwards in time to find the start of the bloom (Brody et al. , 2013). The end of the bloom was determined as the first week when Chla [...] Gaps in the plots indicate that the corresponding phenological indexice could not be calculated because, the peak of the bloom was in the first or last month of the period investigated or the Chla did not [...] values below the threshold. Both issues avoid the estimation of the start, end and duration of the bloom. Figures 40 to 43 present the estimated start, peak, end and total duration of the dia- SynSenPFT

not really the true definition of PFTs. However, in the scope of our project the limitation of satellite products was clear, therefore we still use the term PFT. In chapter any grouping of phytoplankton [...] wrote after the meeting the first draft of the document. Then it has been circulated with two iterations among the writing team, LOV and PML as part of the SynSenPFT consortium, and the “PFT algorithm i [...] limitation of this modelling approach is the choosing of the parameters governing the growth and loss of PFTs in the model. For instance laboratory studies have found maximum growth rates of different diatom