Long-term observations in the Arctic and Southern Ocean

The Arctic is an environment where global climate change is strongly manifested. The Arctic Amplification, represented by the atmospheric warming trend in the Arctic being about three times that of the global average, is also manifested in sea-ice and…

The oceans are key elements of the global climate system, not at last due to their ability to extract and store heat and CO2 from the atmosphere.  Polar oceans are of particular