and cakes in the library so that you can get a break. Introduction to the Helgoland time series The Biologische Anstalt Helgoland operates some of the oldest time series in the world. The phytoplankton [...] automatically. The scientific dive centre The AWI's scientific dive centre is one of the largest institutions of its kind in Europe. On BAH Open day you will have the opportunity to meet the scientific dive [...] analysed much more often that is the case in many other time series around the world. This facilitates a unique insight in the North Sea ecosystem but also means a lot of work on the ships as well as in our l

measurements of both, dissolved and particulate trace metals and vitamins will better elucidate the cycling of these micronutrients in the SO. In order to gain a better understanding of the physiological [...] Looking beyond Iron: Dynamics of vitamins, zinc and cobalt and their effect on phytoplankton community composition in a changing Southern Ocean In large areas of the worlds oceans iron (Fe) limits primary [...] Fe in different parts of the SO, short-term shipboard manipulation experiments with natural phytoplankton assemblages are planned onboard the Polarstern in the austral summers of 2016 and 2017. In addition

terms of the makeup of the litter. While small pieces made up the majority of the litter (73 per cent) further north, medium to large litter accounted for 61 per cent at the station in the centre of the [...] tells us the trawlers are now following the Atlantic cod farther north.” OFOS photo of marine debris found at the bottom of the ocean in proximity of the AWI deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN in the Fram Stait [...] off the Mediterranean coast of France, and far out in the Atlantic. Surprisingly, the highest concentrations can be found in deep-sea trenches such as the Lisbon Canyon off the coast of Portugal or the Guilvinec

from? Question 8: What are the risks of marine plastic? Question 9: What are the economic impacts of marine litter? Question 10: How can we prevent the spread of marine litter? [...] year 2100. In contrast, the amount of plastic waste dumped into the sea by ships will most likely have decreased: for decades now, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) [...] litter is there in the ocean? Question 4: Where does plastic litter end up? Question 5: What are garbage patches? Question 6: How large are the garbage patches? Question 7: Where do microplastics come from

hardly bend at all. “In the lower section of the ice column, the distortion will be more apparent. Just how much depends on the extent to which the total shift towards the ocean is due to basal slippage [...] investigate the microstructure of the ice. “When ice flows, it becomes distorted, leaving marks in the microstructure – for example, the grain boundaries shift, the crystal axes rotate, or we find the remains [...] part of the EastGRIP project, we’re drilling through a fast-flowing ice stream for the first time. Last summer we prepared everything we needed for the camp and drilled through the firn to a depth of 100

Follow this link Gateways of the Southern Ocean What was the effect of the opening of the gateways of the Southern Ocean? Lakes as a climate archives Old lake-level terraces at the current shore (Photo: Alfred [...] Formation of the Arctic Basin Polarstern for geophysics in the Arctic Ocean Research projects on the formation of the Arctic Ocean Connection of the Arctic Ocean to the World Oceans What have we learned [...] learned about the connection of the Arctic Ocean to the other oceans? Development of the North Atlantic Deepwater and its precursors What do we know about the development of North Atlantic Deepwater and its

The southern ocean is the steering wheel of the circulation of the adjoining oceans and part of global material circulations Schematic of the global circulation from Rick Lumpkin and Kevin Speer, J. Phys [...] run down the continental slope towards the deep sea floor. The newly formed and well ventilated bottom water underrides, steered by bottom topography, the ACC to fill the deep basins of the world ocean. [...] downward to the deep ocean layers or to the sediment. This process is called the biological pump. Whether the Southern Ocean at large acts as a source or a sink of CO2 for the atmosphere depends on the balance

and scientific research, which form also the pillars of the Antarctic Treaty. 1 Sea ice provides valuable food At the end of the Antarctic winter, 75 percent of the Weddell Sea is covered with sea ice. Ice [...] also a danger, given the progressing climate change. If spawning success of the Antarctic silverfish decreases, the entire food web of the Weddell Sea would be threatened. 8 Home of the emperor penguins and [...] Although the krill and fish stocks in the Weddell Sea are not as high as in more northern areas of the Southern Ocean, their stocks are important for the survival of many marine mammals living in the Weddell

describing the external astronomical forcing of the climate system and the observed response, as represented by proxy evidence for paleoclimatic variations. The main components and processes of the climate [...] will be discussed. The general overview will be supplemented by a presentation of some of the latest research results and most important open questions within the related fields of paleoclimate research [...] (winter term) University of Bremen Practicals complement the lessons Contents: This lecture will give an overview about the climate system and its changes during the past, focussing on the last few million years

often described as the planet’s ‘green lungs’ because they produce tremendous amounts of oxygen. However, an even greater volume of the oxygen we breathe originates in the ocean. The algal communities living [...] Plankton: The foundation of life in the sea Biologist Prof. Dr Helmut Hillebrand, Professor at the University of Oldenburg and Director at HIFMB Oldenburg. HIFMB Biodiversity Ecological stability Ecosystem [...] there produce at least half of the gas that is vital for breathing and as such essential for human life. But climate change is altering the algal world in our seas: as a result of increasing water temperatures