deep Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 73(3): 31-45. Freese, D., Schewe, I., Kanzog, C., Soltwedel, T., Klages, M. (2012): Recolonisation of new habitats by meiobenthic organisms in the deep Arctic Ocean: [...] small benthic biota to decreasing food availability, which is a common scenario for the changing Arctic Ocean, we installed cages (2 x 2 m in dimension, 50 cm in height) at the deep seafloor (2500 m water [...] (2009): Response of benthic microbial communities to chitin enrichment: an in-situ study in the deep Arctic Ocean. Polar Biology 32(1): 105-112. Gallucci, F., Fonseca, G., Soltwedel, T. (2008): Effects of megafauna

of sea ice retreat on the entire ocean system from the surface to the deep sea. Eleven years ago, Antje Boetius was part of the largest ever sea ice minumum in the Arctic and its consequences for life in [...] the North Pole. For two months, a good fifty scientific expedition participants will explore the Arctic in transition as sea ice extent reaches its annual minimum in September. They will explore the biology [...] in the deep sea. Now she is returning with her team to compare the state of the Arctic today - also with the data from the MOSAiC expedition 2019/20.

Land to Ocean: How Coastal Habitats in the Arctic Respond" (FLO CHAR) focuses on the biogeochemical effects of climate change on the most rapidly evolving ecosystem on Earth, the shallow Arctic coastal [...] the Arctic is dramatically altering terrestrial and marine environments and will have cascading influences on all ecosystems and infrastructure on which local communities rely. Particularly Arctic coastal [...] sit at the interface between the warming land and ocean. At the same time coastal and near-shore zones are the most understudied regions of the Arctic marine realm. One critical area that has been affected

biogeochemical processes within the Arctic Ocean, as well as how these are linked to the Atlantic Ocean. AWI scientists are developing the world’s first multi- resolution Ocean General Circulation Biogeochemical [...] built up. Data assimilation into coupled ecosystem- ocean-ice models will enable the identification of phytoplankton variability and trends of surface-ocean processes and their bio-physical coupling. Remote [...] Sensing (Graphic: Alfred-Wegener-Institut) Modelling To predict upcoming changes in global ocean circulation, ocean productivity, and the consequences for the global climate system, it is crucial to improve

Boetius, A. (2013): FRAM - FRontiers in Arctic marine Monitoring: Permanent Observations in a Gateway to the Arctic Ocean. OCEANS - Bergen, 2013 MTS/IEEE. doi:10.1109/OCEANS Bergen.2013.6608008 Publications featuring [...] FRontiers in Arctic marine Monitoring Our ability to understand the complex interactions of biological, chemical, physical, and geological processes in the ocean and on land is still limited by the lack [...] interdisciplinary observation infrastructures. The main purpose of the planned open-ocean infrastructure FRAM (FRontiers in Arctic marine Monitoring) is permanent presence at sea, from surface to depth, for the

change. The towed high resolution camera system OFOS (Ocean Floor Observing System) is used to index megafauna and plastic litter on the Arctic sea floor. ROV To observe the sea-ice system from below [...] Light is important for the surface energy budget and the biological activity in the ice & the upper ocean. Radiation stations determine the fraction of incident light which is reflected by the surface or [...] novelty in under-ice robotics. BioOptical Platform Sinking particles control CO2 transport to the deep ocean. AWI and MARUM researchers developed the BioOptical Platform BOP, which combines a camera system and

Greenland, the Arctic Ocean lies completely within the Arctic Circle (~66,5°N) and is the smallest of the 5 oceans on our planet. With an area of 14 million square kilometres, the Arctic Ocean also includes [...] Fram Strait, the only deep-sea connection between Arctic and Atlantic Ocean. Photo: AWI/ Mario Hoppmann Map of the Arctic Ocean Map of the Arctic Ocean. The extremely low sea ice extent in September 2012 [...] biogeochemical processes within the Arctic Ocean, as well as how these are linked to the Atlantic Ocean, to predict upcoming changes in global ocean circulation, ocean productivity, and the consequences

Greenland, the Arctic Ocean lies completely within the Arctic Circle (~66,5°N) and is the smallest of the 5 oceans on our planet. With an area of 14 million square kilometres, the Arctic Ocean also includes [...] Fram Strait, the only deep-sea connection between Arctic and Atlantic Ocean. Photo: AWI/ Mario Hoppmann Map of the Arctic Ocean Map of the Arctic Ocean. The extremely low sea ice extent in September 2012 [...] biogeochemical processes within the Arctic Ocean, as well as how these are linked to the Atlantic Ocean, to predict upcoming changes in global ocean circulation, ocean productivity, and the consequences

O values in ice and water samples from the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as the δ 13 C values of dissolved inorganic carbon in the water of the polar oceans. In addition, our laboratories offer the possibility [...] input) and changes in the supply of nutrient silicon and its use in polar and subpolar ocean regions (e.g. Southern Ocean, North Pacific) can be reconstructed on geological time scales. For the measurements [...] Clumped isotopes δ 13 C + δ 18 O (biog. carbonate, foraminifers) Option: clumped isotopes Changes in ocean circulation, nutrient content and deep water ventilation (δ 13 C) Hydrographic changes (δ 18 O, Δ47)

the Arctic Ocean. Stratification If freshwater enters the Arctic Ocean via rivers, preci- The consequences of climate change for the Arctic Ocean pitation or melting sea ice, it alters the ocean’s surface [...] definition. (Photo: Sebastian Menze/AWI) The Arctic Ocean The Arctic is, in contrast to the Antarctic, not a continent. Rather, it stretches across a central ocean that is surrounded by the northern edges [...] bottom of the Arctic Ocean. The currently known species include 366 different arthropods, 197 Fora- minifera species as well as 194 annelid and 140 ne- matode species. What lives in the Arctic Ocean and what