react to ocean acidification. Because human induced emissions do not only heat up the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide also diffuses into the oceans and slowly makes them more acidic. And the Arctic presents [...] Heincke Expedition to the Arctic Tracing ocean acidification As a result of climate change the Atlantic cod has moved so far north that its juveniles now even can be found in large numbers in the fjords [...] 2013 biologists of the Alfred Wegener Institute therefore ventured to this specific region of the Arctic Ocean, which used to be dominated by the Polar cod. Here the scientists wanted to investigate whether

at the Arctic Ocean A lead in the sea ice of Amundsen Gulf Arctic marshlands In the Arctic Refuelling Team of NETCARE 2015 Flying halfway around the globe: measuring sea-ice thickness in the Arctic Anyone [...] strait from the Arctic Ocean to the northern Atlantic. The motor of this ice transport is the transpolar drift, a major current that pushes ice from the Russian marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean over the North [...] process constantly produces new sea ice in the Laptev Sea, which then finds its way to the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic ice machine only shuts down in May, when even northeast Siberia grows warmer - and starts

at the Arctic Ocean A lead in the sea ice of Amundsen Gulf Arctic marshlands In the Arctic Refuelling Team of NETCARE 2015 Flying halfway around the globe: measuring sea-ice thickness in the Arctic Anyone [...] Meereis Melt ponds on arctic sea ice Arctic: Ice or water? Aerial photo of Arctic sea ice in the record year 2012 Research vessel Polarstern during an ice station in the Arctic Ozean An iceberg drifts [...] Snow-covered Arctic sea ice New ice is forming Watch out for crevasses! Arctic sea ice First stage of arctic sea ice View onto a glacier’s calving front on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen Arctic sea ice

moderately rough arctic sea ice and take ridge height and distribution into account. They are well proven for applications in simulations of flow situations in the northern polar ocean. To prove if they [...] leads and polynias For the energy and moisture exchange between the atmosphere and the ice covered ocean, leads and polynias play an important role. This is documented by many modelling studies, but only [...] sea ice have a significant effect on the energy exchange between the atmosphere and the ice covered ocean. Uncertainties in the representation of sea ice albedo contribute considerably to the differences

patterns and linkages. Establishment of sea surface temperature and sea ice records for the Arctic and Southern Ocean covering the MIS 5e warm interval. [...] latitudes are particularly sensitive and vulnerable to future global warming. The potential of polar oceans and their marginal seas to amplify on a global scale warm climate conditions and sea level change

Elsevier. [ Impact Factor: 3.513 ] Print Ausgabe: 1.1981 - 85.2007 Z 366 Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. / Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado. Print Ausgabe: 31.1999 - [...] td-1">Z 2180 Ocean dynamics. / Springer [ Impact Factor: 1.612 ] Print Ausgabe: 52.2001 - 57.2007 Z 2183 Ocean modelling [...] dd tr-187"> eOnly Report of the ... Meeting / Arctic Ocean Science Board. <td class="td-last

Network ESA Climate Change Initiative IceArc: Arctic Ice Climate and Economics MOSAiC SPICES Transdrift: Arctic Ice-Ocean-Interaction Changing Arctic Ocean Arctic Amplification Junior Groups SO-Clim projects [...] des arktischen Ozeans Southern Ocean - Overturning Circulation The southern ocean - circulation Ocean-Ice Shelf Interaction FRISP Ozean-Schelfeis Wechselwirkung Ocean Acoustics Group - AWI OZA Projects [...] Seismology Geomagnetics Infrasound Formation of the Arctic Basin Ultraslow spreading mid-ocean ridges OBS studies MOVE KNIPAS Gateways of the Southern Ocean Large Igneous Provinces Bathymetric Compilations

Sea ice motion and deformation Sea ice can be found in the Arctic and Antarctic, but also for example in the Gulf of Bothnia and Finland, is very dynamic. The drift velocities of individual ice floes or [...] other deformation features have a major impact on the interaction between the atmosphere, sea ice and ocean. They also pose dangers for ship traffic. Among other things, our work focuses on the improvement [...] landscape in the Lena delta (© NASA / Landsat , 2000) (Photo: Alfred Wegener Institut) Charting the Arctic Tundra Polynias Terra Nova Bay Polynia (© NSIDC / Modis, 2013) (Photo: Alfred Wegener Institut)

sea ice models used for? Example of a sea ice model (Graphic: Alfred Wegener Institut) The Arctic areas - ocean even more than land - are difficult to reach, for several winter months not at all. Instruments [...] time. Variability is determined e.g. by air and ocean temperature. The velocity in turn depends on the thickness of the ice, the wind conditions and the ocean current. The changes of the sea ice over time [...] This explains the expression "compute the model forward in time". The area of interest- here the Arctic Ocean is overlaid with a three-dimensional grid. The geometry of this grid can be as simple or complicated

which are a set of ocean and sea ice variables optimally combining observations and a model. The analysis fields are applied for a variety of ocean and sea ice studies in the Arctic Ocean, and also provide [...] used to synthesize model results and observed data in the Arctic Ocean. The systems have been successfully applied to North Atlantic/Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Model (NAOSIM) developed at the Alfred Wegener Institute [...] Institute (AWI). We are currently working to apply the systems to Finite-volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model (FESOM2), also developed in AWI. Contact: Dr. Hiroshi Sumata Seasonal cycle (left) and interannual variation