place in the Arctic and Antarctic. Depending on the season, the ice covers greater or lesser parts of the ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere, the ocean gradually freezes over in the course of the long Polar [...] near the end of winter. At this point, the Arctic Ocean is completely covered in ice from between the coasts of Canada, Alaska and Siberia to the eastern coast of Greenland. When the sun returns, the ice [...] the formation and melting of sea ice affect the atmosphere and the ocean, and with them, the climate, in a variety of ways. The ice reflects the majority of incoming sunlight back into space. In contrast

Christian Stepanek The Pliocene is seen in many ways as a possible analogue of future warm climate states. The question of the characteristics and of the dynamics of the climate of the Pliocene thus becomes [...] climate states of the Pliocene, sensitivity studies are also taken into account. These allow a better understanding of the climate of the Pliocene in the context of the climate forcings of the future. This [...] regions in the form of prepared, printable graphics and maps as well as their raw data, the preparation of the basics and knowledge on the topic of sea ice as well as the current expert assessment of the sea

experience the same magmatic history? The fragmentation of the Manihiki Plateau poses the question, whether distinct phases of magmatic or tectonic processes led to the deformation of the Manihiki Plateau [...] suggested that the Ontong-Java Plateau was connected to the Manihiki Plateau at the Western Plateaus and drifted towards the west. Overview map of the Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of the Manihiki Plateau [...] development of the Manihiki Plateau We try to unravel the relationship between the two largest sub-provinces of the Manihiki Plateau, the Western Plateaus and the High Plateau, which are separated by the Danger

studies in biology at the University of Bremen and then returned to the AWI and especially to the labs. Here, the supervision of our microalgal stock culture collection, the realization of lab experiments on [...] content are also part of the spectrum of my tasks in the group, besides the preparation of expeditions and ordering logistics. "What will happen tomorrow?" is an important question for me, not just regarding [...] faster than the global average. The influx of warm Atlantic water and the rapid melting of glaciers, releasing sediments and freshwater, make Svalbard a unique place to study the effects of climate change

exchange, the rise and the lowering of the cage needs sufficient stops to prevent barotrauma of the fish. The sea bass can tolerate temperatures in the North Sea, but the average temperature of 10 ° C in [...] flow velocities of 5-10 cm s -1 for optimal nutrient and CO 2 exchange on the surface of the thalli, as well as for the reduction of growth of epiphyts. In strong currents, the thalli of macroalgae become [...] materials. Cod is one of the species with the highest rate of the escapees, which can have a negative impact on the wild population by cross-breeding. The extreme temperature tolerance range of -1 ° C to 23 °

discuss, like the rights to the research data. Once the expedition is over, our goal is to share as much of the da- ta as possible with the entire world. Of course, we had to convince our partners of that plan [...] much faster than the rest of the world, and what the future holds – this is internation- ally recognised as one of the great- est problems facing humanity, and most certainly one of the most im- portant [...] ozone sonde. During the expe- dition, the sonde will be deployed once a week. The MOSAiC team on the shores of Ny-Ålesund following ocean survival training. At the time of the exercise the water temperature

decreases in the flux of planktonic foraminifera to the sediments, and short-lived, massive discharges of icebergs originating in eastern Canada. The path of the icebergs, clearly marked by the presence of ice-rafted [...] ng signal. Moreover, the 5–10,000-yr intervals between the events are inconsistent with Milankovitch orbital periodicities, raising the question of what the ultimate cause of the postulated cooling may [...] waste into the sea, then stumbled with paleoclimate in the form of basalt stone and then just researched. To honor his intuition and to highlight the significance of his insights for the work of our Section

that the theory is correct. Wegener got profoundly involved in the matter. We have proof of his meticulousness in that we possess his personal copy of the first edition of his book “The Formation of Continents [...] elements in the Earth’s crust. He called one of them sial and the other sima. Wegener assumed that the oceans were composed of a heavier material than the continents. He thus presumed that the lighter continents [...] continents float on the heavier subsurface, like ice floes on the water. That was the core of his idea! It was associated with the concept of so-called isostasy. This says land bridges or the like couldn’t come

solving the problem with consumers. But researchers see another source of the plastic problem: the petrochemical industry, which produces the plastic. And that’s also precisely the crux of the negotiations [...] Uruguay – the beginning of a lengthy process intended to end with the approval of a binding treaty in Busan. Although the parties agreed that the treaty should address the entire lifecycle of plastics, [...] summaries of the current state of research, helping the delegates make informed choices. “All decisions and measures designed to stop the global flood of plastics have to be made and developed on the best

AS is the (measured) specific radiocarbon activity (in Bq/gC) of the sample, AABS = 0.95·0.238 Bq/gC is the absolute specific activity of the radiocarbon standard (i.e. 95% of the activity of the OxA-I [...] contribution of source/sink process S to the seasonal variation of 14C (14Cseas,2 S , Definition 2) is the sum of the contribution of the seasonal variability of the source/sink S (14Cseas,1 S , Definition [...] seasonal cycle of atmospheric 14C. The larger the horizon- tal (or vertical) 14C difference caused by source/sink process S, the larger the contribution of process S to the component of the 14C seasonal